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Rhamphicarpa fistulosa
''Rhamphicarpa fistulosa'' (common name: Rice vampireweed) is a flowering plant species in the Orobanchaceae family (formerly in the Scrophulariaceae family)〔Olmstead RG, DePamphilis CW, Wolfe AD, Young ND, Elisons WJ, Reeves PA, 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88, 348-361.〕 - and the genus Rhamphicarpa.〔Bentham G, 1835. Synopsis of the Buchnereae, a tribe of Scrophulariaceae. Companion to the Botanical Magazine 1, 356-384.〕〔Bentham G, 1846. Ordo CXLII. Scrophulariaceae, In: De Candolle, A. (Ed.), Prodomus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Paris, pp. 186-586.〕〔Hochstetter CHF, 1841. Plantarum nubicarum nova genera. Flora 24, 369-384.〕〔Engler A, 1895. Die Pflantzenwelt Ost-Afrikas und der Nachbargebiete. Deutsch Ost-Afrika 5, 1-433.〕〔Hansen OJ, 1975. The genus Rhamphicarpa Benth. emend. Engl. (Scrophulariaceae). A taxonomic revision. Botanisk Tidsskrift 70, 103-125.〕 The plant is pale-green but can turn reddish towards maturity. It has needle-like leaves and white flowers with long corolla tubes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Home )〕 The flowers only open after sunset and are supposedly pollinated by night moths.〔 The plant has a broad distribution in Africa (from Guinea to Madagascar and from Sudan to South Africa) and can also be found in New Guinea and northern Australia.〔
''Rhamphicarpa fistulosa'' is an annual facultative hemi-parasitic forb species.〔Ouédraogo O, Neumann U, Raynal Roques A, Sallé G, Tuquet C, Dembélé B, 1999. New insights concerning the ecology and the biology of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Scrophulariaceae). Weed Res. 39, 159-169.〕 It is a very widespread species in seasonally flooded wetlands in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, and it is increasingly important as a parasitic weeds in rain-fed lowland rice systems in Africa,〔Rodenburg J, Morawetz JJ, Bastiaans L. 2015. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. – A widespread facultative hemi-parasitic weed, threatening rice production in Africa. Weed Research, DOI: 10.1111/wre.12129〕〔Rodenburg J, Riches CR, Kayeke JM, 2010. Addressing current and future problems of parasitic weeds in rice. Crop Prot. 29, 210-221.〕 where yield losses of more than 60% are typically reported.〔Rodenburg J, Zossou-Kouderin N, Gbèhounou G, Ahanchede A, Touré A, Kyalo G, Kiepe P, 2011b. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, a parasitic weed threatening rain-fed lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa - A case study from Benin. Crop Prot. 30, 1306-1314.〕 It is particularly a problem in rice fields prone to temporary, uncontrolled flooding.〔Kabiri S, Rodenburg J, Kayeke J, Ast A van, Makokha DW, Msangi SH, Irakiza R, Bastiaans L. 2015. Can the parasitic weeds Striga asiatica and Rhamphicarpa fistulosa co-occur in rain-fed rice? Weed Research, DOI: 10.1111/wre.12124〕〔 Management strategies against ''Rhamphicarpa fistulosa'' are limited;〔 hand-weeding, permanent flooding, fertilizer applications and the use of herbicides are currently the only known, effective control measures.〔〔Gbèhounou G, Assigbé P, 2003. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. (Scrophulariaceae): new pest on lowland rice in Benin. Results of a survey and immediate control possibilities. Annales des Sciences Agronomique du Bénin 4, 89-103.〕
A team of researchers from the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice),〔http://www.africarice.org〕 Wageningen University, FAO and the national research centers of Tanzania (MARI), Cote d'Ivoire (CNRA) and Benin (INRAB), investigate the importance of this species as a parasitic weed to rice and tries to elucidate its biology, ecology and host damage mechanisms and to develop, with participating farmers, management strategies. The economic and social impact is also studied and national extension and crop protection systems are analyzed with the aim to identify constraints and challenges for the effective control and prevention of invasive pests such as ''Rhamphicarpa fistulosa''. The project, called PARASITE,〔Bastiaans, L, Akanvou L, van Ast A, Gbehounou G, Kabiri S, Kayeke J, Klerkx L, Mourits M, N'cho S, Oude Lansink A, Rodenburg J, Schut M. 2013. PARASITE: An integrated research programme on parasitic weeds of rice in sub-Saharan Africa.16th European Weed Research Society Symposium, 24–27 June 2013, Samsun, Turkey. P. 92.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Parasite project )〕 is funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research - Science for Global Development〔 and receives additional financial support through the CGIAR〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Home / CGIAR )〕 Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Home - CCAFS: CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security )〕
== References ==
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